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Introduction

Peptides, short chains of amino acids, play a crucial role in various biological processes and have emerged as promising candidates for therapeutic and diagnostic applications. The increasing demand for peptides has led to the growth of peptide companies specializing in peptide synthesis, manufacturing, and development. In this article, we will delve into the world of peptide companies, exploring their innovations and applications that are shaping the landscape of modern healthcare and biotechnology.

Peptide Synthesis Technologies

Peptide companies utilize a range of synthesis technologies to produce custom peptides tailored to specific research or therapeutic needs. Solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) is one of the most widely used methods for peptide production, allowing for efficient and controlled synthesis of peptides with high purity levels. Liquid-phase peptide synthesis and recombinant DNA technology are also employed by peptide companies to create complex peptides and peptide libraries for drug discovery and development.

In recent years, advancements in peptide synthesis technologies have enabled the production of longer and more structurally diverse peptides, expanding the possibilities for peptide-based therapeutics. Companies specializing in peptide synthesis have invested in automated systems and high-throughput platforms to streamline the synthesis process, improve efficiency, and reduce costs, thereby accelerating the development of novel peptide drugs and research tools.

Applications of Peptides in Therapeutics

Peptides have gained significant attention in the pharmaceutical industry due to their high specificity, low toxicity, and diverse biological activities. Peptide therapeutics offer a promising alternative to traditional small molecule drugs, particularly in the treatment of diseases with complex molecular targets such as cancer, metabolic disorders, and autoimmune diseases.

Peptide companies are actively engaged in the development of peptide-based therapeutics targeting a wide range of conditions. For example, peptide hormones such as insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogs are used in the management of diabetes, while peptide antimicrobial agents are being explored as potential alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Peptide vaccines, immunomodulators, and cell-penetrating peptides are also under development for various therapeutic applications.

Furthermore, peptide-drug conjugates and peptide-targeted delivery systems are being investigated to improve the pharmacokinetics and tissue targeting of peptide drugs, enhancing their efficacy and reducing potential side effects. Peptide companies are at the forefront of developing innovative drug delivery technologies that leverage the unique properties of peptides to enhance therapeutic outcomes and patient compliance.

Emerging Trends in Peptide Research

The field of peptide research is constantly evolving, driven by advancements in molecular biology, bioinformatics, and structural biology. Peptide companies are increasingly focusing on novel areas of research such as peptide engineering, bioconjugation, and peptide mimetics to expand the capabilities of peptides in drug discovery and development.

Peptide engineering involves the design and modification of peptide sequences to enhance their stability, bioavailability, and target specificity. By incorporating non-natural amino acids, cyclic structures, or structural motifs, researchers can create peptides with improved pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential. Peptide companies are investing in computational tools and high-throughput screening technologies to accelerate the discovery of optimized peptide candidates for clinical development.

Bioconjugation techniques enable the conjugation of peptides with other molecules such as drugs, imaging agents, or nanoparticles to create multifunctional therapeutics with enhanced properties. Peptide companies are exploring the use of bioconjugation strategies to improve the stability, targeting specificity, and delivery of peptide-based drugs, opening new avenues for personalized medicine and precision therapeutics.

Peptide mimetics are synthetic compounds designed to mimic the structure and function of natural peptides while offering advantages such as enhanced stability and bioavailability. Peptide companies are harnessing the principles of peptide mimetics to develop novel drug candidates with improved pharmacokinetic profiles and target selectivity, addressing challenges associated with peptide degradation and clearance in vivo.

Conclusion

Peptide companies play a vital role in advancing peptide-based research and innovation, driving the development of novel therapeutics and research tools with diverse applications in healthcare and biotechnology. By leveraging cutting-edge synthesis technologies, exploring new therapeutic modalities, and embracing emerging trends in peptide research, these companies are at the forefront of revolutionizing the field of peptide science.

As the demand for peptide therapeutics continues to grow, peptide companies will play a pivotal role in translating scientific discoveries into clinical applications, ultimately improving patient outcomes and transforming the landscape of modern medicine. With a deep commitment to excellence, innovation, and collaboration, peptide companies are poised to shape the future of healthcare through the power of peptides.

In 2023, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) hit a significant milestone, approving 55 new drugs, an increase of nearly 50% from last year and second only to the all-time high of 2018 . This number highlights the innovative trend in the pharmaceutical field and demonstrates the industry’s great success in different treatment areas. What is particularly eye-catching is that among the new drugs approved by the FDA in 2023, antibody drugs occupy a prominent position, including China’s domestic PD-1 monoclonal antibodies, which brings new hope to the medical community.

Among these 55 new drugs, oncology once again became the most approved treatment area, fully reflecting the medical community’s in-depth research on cancer treatment. At the same time, the fields of neurology and infectious diseases have also been recognized by the FDA, providing more treatment options for patients. The emergence of new drugs will promote the rapid development of medical technology and further promote progress in the health field.

It is worth mentioning that 2023 has also become a year of significant progress in the field of rare diseases, providing patients with new treatment options. Pfizer performed well this year. Not only did it become the company with the most approvals, it also launched a number of highly anticipated new products, covering multiple disease fields such as tumors, immunity, infection, and the nervous system.

In this dynamic year of medical innovation, it is worth noting that there are 6 new drugs that belong to the peptide drug category. They are:

1.Daybue (Trofinetide, Trofinetide)

• Developer: Acadia Pharmaceuticals
• Approval time: 2023-03-10
• Indications: Rett syndrome
• Delivery method: Oral solution (200 mg/ml), specific dosage is based on body weight
• Introduction: It is used to treat Rett syndrome and is the first approved therapy for Rett syndrome. It exerts neuroprotective effects by enhancing synaptic activity and restoring synaptic structure.

2.Rezzayo (Rezafungin, Rezafungin)

• Developer: Melinta Therapeutics/Cidara Therapeutics
• Approval time: 2023-03-22
• Indications: Candidemia and invasive candidiasis
• Delivery method: Intravenous injection (200 mg once weekly)
• Introduction: For the treatment of candidemia and invasive candidiasis, it is the first new treatment option approved for this indication in more than a decade.

3.Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir&ritonavir)

• Developer: Pfizer
• Approval time: 2023-05-25
• Indications: Covid-19
• Mode of delivery: Oral
• Introduction: It is used to treat COVID-19 and reduce the severity of the disease by preventing the virus from multiplying. It contains two peptidomimetic molecules, nirmatrelvir and ritonavir.

4.Posluma (flotufolastat F 18)

• Developer: Blue Earth Diagnostics
• Approval time: 2023-05-25
• Indications: Positron emission tomography imaging in patients with prostate cancer
• Delivery method: Intravenous injection
• Introduction: Positron emission tomography imaging for prostate cancer patients using PSMA targeting components for imaging.

5.Aphexda (Motixafortide, motixafortide)

• Developer: BioLineRx
• Approval time: 2023-09-08
• Indications: Collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with multiple myeloma
• Delivery method: Subcutaneous injection
• Introduction: For the collection and subsequent autologous transplantation of patients with multiple myeloma, stem cells are mobilized into the peripheral blood by CXCR4 antagonists.

6.Zilbrysq(Zilucoplan)

• Developer: UCB
• Approval time: 2023-10-17
• Indications: Generalized myasthenia gravis in adults
• Delivery method: Subcutaneous injection
• Introduction: It is the first once-daily subcutaneous injection of gMG-targeted C5 complement inhibitor for the treatment of generalized myasthenia gravis in adults.

The approval of new drugs this year witnessed the joint efforts of medical research and industrial development, providing patients with more innovative treatments and writing a new chapter for building a healthier future.

Peptides hold a unique position in the field of drug development, and since the emergence of therapeutic insulin in 1922, peptides have played an important role in medical practice. So far, more than one hundred polypeptide drugs have been approved for marketing in the world, and are widely used in the treatment of diabetes, tumor, chronic pain, multiple sclerosis and other diseases. Previously, we have introduced the origin and development of peptides and peptide drugs, and explained the classification and screening of peptide drugs (see previous tweets: Peptides – Unique Drugs).

Today, let’s have a hardcore science popularization on peptide drugs!

1.Peptides, what are their advantages?

Peptides are molecules composed of amino acids as the basic unit, with a molecular weight generally below 10 KDa, between small chemical molecules and biological products. Their main characteristics are high selectivity and low concentration of action. Classic therapeutic peptides such as hormones, growth factors, ion channel ligands, etc. trigger intracellular effects by binding to receptors.

Compared with biological agents such as antibodies and therapeutic proteins, peptides have a similar mode of action, but their immunogenicity is lower. Additionally, due to their ability to be chemically synthesized, their production cost is also lower.

Compared with small molecule drugs, peptides have a larger molecular weight and can more effectively inhibit protein-protein interactions (PPI), with higher selectivity and specificity, lower concentration of action, and lower side effects (Figure 1) [1] [2].

2.What are peptide drugs available?

2.1 Hormonal peptides and their derivative drugs

Generally speaking, there are four main medicinal peptides in clinical practice, one of which is hormone peptides and their derivatives. Due to the short half-life and high synthesis cost of peptides, early peptide drug development mainly focused on the field of low concentration human hormone peptides. The research on peptide drugs began with insulin, followed by the emergence of short peptide drugs such as oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone, somatostatin, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone, which opened up and enriched this field (Table 1). Many hormone drugs are still in use today.

With continuous scientific research, people have improved the characteristics of peptide hormones through chemical modifications such as C-terminal amidation, D-type amino acids, cyclization, and conjugation of long-chain fatty hydrocarbons.

For example, Octreotide and Pasireotide, which are based on somatostatin β Transforming the pharmacophore for modification successfully extended its half-life. In addition, drug development can also be based on the development of agonists or antagonists related to peptide hormones, such as Goserelin and Cetrorelix [3].

Table 1 Partial hormone peptides and their derivative drugs [3]

2.2 Natural Peptide Products

In addition to human derived peptides, there are also natural peptide products from plants, microorganisms, and other sources. Typical natural active peptides mainly include secondary metabolites of microorganisms and active peptides isolated from amphibian and insect venom. ICK peptides are a classic class of venom peptides, whose disulfide bond structure provides them with extraordinary stability and resistance to proteases, making them suitable as drug leads [3]. Ziconotide is an ICK peptide derived from toxic cone-shaped snails, which has good analgesic effects (Figure 2) [4].

2.3 Peptide vaccines

Of course, there is also a peptide vaccine that must be mentioned. It is a subunit vaccine made from peptides, which can act as an immunogen to stimulate the body to produce an immune response by simulating the epitope sequence of antigens. Multimeric001, a representative type of anti infective peptide vaccine, contains epitopes of influenza virus B, T helper cells, and cytotoxic T cells, which can prevent various types of A and B influenza viruses. It has entered clinical stage III [5].

Compared with traditional inactivated and attenuated vaccines, polypeptide vaccines can not only be used as preventive vaccines against infectious or non infectious diseases, but also be used to treat Alzheimer’s disease, malignant tumors and other diseases [6]. Disomotide (G209-2M, IMDQVPFSV) is a melanoma antigen developed based on Gp100:209-217 (ITDQVPFSV), which can promote the production of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), recognize natural G209 and melanoma cells, and is currently in phase III clinical trials (Figure 3) [7] [8].

The antigenic peptide IMDQVPFSV (Disaotide) that binds to the natural epitope ITDQVPFSV after point mutation exhibits stronger immunogenicity.

2.4 PDC peptide drugs

In addition, peptide drug delivery systems primarily based on PDC are also one of the directions of clinical research. Due to its excellent biological activity, non toxicity, and good compatibility, peptides can be used as drug carriers for peptide drug conjugates (PDC). At present, 177 Lu dotata (lutathera) ®) It has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of neuroendocrine tumors, and there are still many PDCs currently in the clinical or preclinical stage. PDC is composed of peptides covalently bound to drugs through ligands, retaining the peptide’s function and biological activity. At the same time, it also utilizes the cleavability of the ligands to release drugs in a responsive manner, thereby improving drug circulation stability and targeting in vivo, and reducing drug toxicity and side effects (Figure 4) [9].

3.Summary

This issue introduces the characteristics of peptide drugs and four main types of medicinal peptides, and combines specific cases to further deepen our understanding of peptide drugs. At present, peptide drugs have been in clinical practice for a century, and classic hormone drugs still dominate the main market. The two major bottlenecks of inconvenient delivery methods and frequent delivery cycles still need to be solved urgently. The constantly emerging new technologies such as PDC and multifunctional peptides also need to be explored and enriched by friends~

The advantage of the KS-V Peptide integration service platform is to launch a catalog of peptide products with scientific research value. Each peptide product is purified by HPLC, resulting in more stable quality and timely delivery. The application scenarios cover new hotspots and valuable research fields, such as protein purification and detection, disease-related research, immunology and biochemistry research, scientific research peptides, medicinal peptides, etc., to meet the needs of researchers at different stages. We have a complete customer service system and technical team, enjoying a one-on-one specialized service experience, and providing you with professional services in a timely manner.

Cyclic peptides offer several pharmacological benefits due to their unique structural and chemical properties compared to linear peptides or small molecules. Some of the pharmacological benefits of using cyclic peptides include:

1. Enhanced Stability: Cyclic peptides often exhibit greater stability against enzymatic degradation compared to linear peptides. Their closed-loop structure makes them less susceptible to proteolytic degradation by enzymes in the body, thereby increasing their half-life and improving their overall stability.

2. Improved Bioavailability: The cyclic structure of peptides can enhance their bioavailability by protecting them from rapid enzymatic breakdown in the gastrointestinal tract. This characteristic can lead to better absorption and increased systemic exposure, allowing for better therapeutic outcomes.

3. Increased Binding Affinity and Specificity: Cyclic peptides can be designed to have high binding affinity and specificity for their target receptors or molecules. Their conformational rigidity allows for precise interactions with the target site, leading to improved potency and selectivity.

4. Diverse Molecular Shapes and Properties: Cyclic peptides can adopt diverse three-dimensional shapes, offering a wide range of structural configurations. This structural diversity allows for the design of cyclic peptides with unique properties, enabling them to interact with a broader spectrum of targets or exhibit various biological activities.

5. Potential to Target Challenging Protein-Protein Interactions (PPIs): Cyclic peptides can be designed to target specific protein-protein interactions, which are often challenging to modulate with small molecules. They can mimic structural motifs or binding epitopes involved in PPIs, making them valuable tools for disrupting or modulating these interactions.

6. Reduced Toxicity and Side Effects: Due to their high specificity for the intended target, cyclic peptides may have reduced off-target effects compared to small molecules. This selectivity can potentially lower the risk of adverse effects and toxicity.

7. Diverse Pharmacological Applications: Cyclic peptides have shown promise in various therapeutic areas, including oncology, infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and neurological conditions. They can be engineered to exhibit a range of biological activities such as antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, and enzyme inhibition, among others.

In summary, cyclic peptides offer numerous advantages in terms of stability, bioavailability, specificity, and diverse pharmacological applications. These properties make them attractive candidates for drug development and therapeutic interventions across different disease areas.

Website: https://www.ks-vpeptide.com/

Introduction:

In the rapidly advancing field of medicine, researchers are increasingly intrigued by proteins and peptides. As vital signaling molecules and potential drug candidates, the synthesis and customization of peptides have become pivotal. This article delves into the realm of custom peptide library synthesis, analyzing its significance in medical research and the latest advancements.

Custom Peptide Library Design and Construction:

The design and construction of peptide libraries are critical steps in custom peptide library synthesis. This section explores how to design libraries based on research needs, selecting suitable synthesis strategies and technologies. Topics covered include peptide sequence design, method selection, and quality control measures such as purity and mass spectrometry.

Applications of Custom Peptide Libraries in Drug Development:

Custom peptide library synthesis plays a crucial role in drug development. This section extensively discusses the use of custom peptide libraries in identifying potential drug targets, screening drug candidates, and enhancing drug specificity and efficacy. Through case studies, it illustrates successful experiences and future directions in drug development utilizing custom peptide libraries.

Technological Innovations and Trends:

Peptide synthesis technology continually undergoes innovation and development. This section tracks the latest technological trends, including but not limited to solid-phase synthesis, liquid-phase synthesis, and genetic engineering techniques. By evaluating new technologies, it provides researchers with insights to choose the most suitable peptide synthesis method for their research purposes.

Applications of Custom Peptide Libraries in Disease Research:

Beyond drug development, custom peptide libraries play a crucial role in disease research. This section delves into the applications of custom peptide libraries in areas such as cancer, neurological disorders, immune system diseases, presenting case studies and revealing new biological mechanisms discovered through custom peptide library research.

Challenges and Future Outlook:

Despite significant achievements in custom peptide library synthesis, challenges persist. This section discusses current technical, economic, and ethical challenges, offering insights into potential future developments. It explores avenues such as automation, big data analysis, and personalized medicine applications.

Conclusion:

Through a comprehensive analysis of custom peptide library synthesis, this article underscores its significance in medical research and drug development. It serves as a guide for researchers, providing an in-depth understanding and application framework for custom peptide library synthesis technology.

By dissecting the field of custom peptide library synthesis, this article aims to offer a thorough understanding and application guide, fostering continuous innovation and development in this critical domain.

Website: https://www.ks-vpeptide.com/